Thursday, April 1, 2021

Isaac Newton Phipps and Emeline Mariah Tidwell Phipps ~~~ Pioneers of the Month ~~~ April 2021



Son of Isaac Phipps and Mary Eleanor Dean

Lettie Phipps Peterson wrote this life story date unknown. Additional stories were added from a document called, A1979 remembrances by Lettie Phipps Peterson recorded for her son, Wayne.@

[During his life, he went by Isaac Newton Phipps, Jr. because the Smith family had told him he was named after his father. After further research it has been determined that his father did not carry the middle name A Newton, therefore, he should not be referred to as Jr. Since this life story was written without this knowledge, we are leaving the Jr. and Sr. in this version. His birthdate was also found to be 24 May 1845, but he did not know this, so always celebrated on June 18th. His siblings were Sarah Jane, Lemmon Washington, William Harrison, and Enoch Ferman.]

Isaac Newton Phipps, Jr., son of Isaac Newton Phipps, Sr. and Mary Eleanor Dean, was born June 18, 1845, in Slippery Rock, Butler County, Pennsylvania.


He came to Utah when a very small boy with Uncle and Aunt Smith (Joseph and Abigail Smith) reared him after the death of his mother. They came to Salt Lake City and settled in West Jordan. Later they moved to the Dixie Country and resided in a small settlement called Sappi.

They moved to Mt. Pleasant, Utah in 1864. Isaac was one of eight children the Smiths reared B, not of their own. Opal Scoville=s great grandmother, Sarah Clark, was one of them.

Isaac was three years old when his mother died; his brother Enoch was six weeks old. Enoch was given to Uncle and Aunt Smith, but he died in infancy.

One day Isaacs's father brought Isaac to the Smith home and left him in the yard, kissed him, and told him to be a good boy. Never again did Isaac see or hear from his father.

Isaac had two brothers and one sister older than him. The brothers were George Harrison and Lamuel Washington; the sister was Sarah. After moving to Mt. Pleasant, he went away to various places for employment. He returned and was married to Emeline Maria Tidwell on December 24, 1875, by David Candland. Later he went to the Endowment House and was sealed to Emeline. They also had their three oldest children sealed to them at that time. They were Louisa Jane, Mary Eleanor, and Charity Rosalia. Later five other children were born.

When Isaac went to the temple for sealings, he was instructed to take his own name and establish it. Instead of Smith, it was Phipps. After that, he went by both names B Isaac Smith and Isaac Phipps. (In later years Isaac and Emeline received their second anointings in the Manti Temple.)

Isaac was baptized at the age of 8 years, in 1853. He was religious and held the gospel very dear to him. His greatest desire was to live the gospel and have his family do likewise. He wanted them to be religious and to have faith in the gospel. He bore his testimony of its truthfulness often to his children at home. Just a few days before he died, he said, if I could leave my family either wealthy or with a testimony of the gospel, I would leave them a testimony of the gospel. He was active in the church and attended sacrament and priesthood meetings regularly. He was a High Priest and a ward teacher for many years and was a full tithe payer.

When I was a little girl my father would tell me stories while I scratched his head and combed his hair after he had gone to bed. He would do his chores early in the evening and have his supper and go to bed to read. He got up in the morning really early so he was tired.


He told me about a little bird that saved his life when he was a boy. He was plowing for a man and had gone around the field several times. When he came to some bushes he stopped to let the horses rest and he lay down under a bush to rest, too. A little bird came and lit on the bush above his head and then flew and lit on the toe of his shoe and then back on the bush above his head. The bird did this three or four times. The last time he didn=t light on his toe but on the ground by his feet. Father raised up to see where the bird had gone and there was a large rattlesnake all curled up and ready to strike him. Father lay down quickly and rolled out into the plowed ground away from the snake to where he was safe. The little bird saved his life.

When Father was about nine or ten years old he got lost and didn't know which way to go to find his home. He was up in the hills where there were a lot of cedar trees. This was when they were living in Southern Utah. Quite a few Indians were living there and the white people were afraid of them. While Father was up in the hills an Indian came by and Father hid among the cedars until he passed by. When the Indian got a ways off, Father would call out and the Indian would come back. Then father would hide again so the Indian would ride away. This happened two or three times. Father was afraid of the Indian and he was afraid to let him go because he was lost. The last time the Indian came back Father let him see him and told the Indian that he was lost. The Indian put Father on his horse with him and took Father where he could see the town where he lived. This Indian was good and Father was glad he came by and showed him how to go home.

After Isaac and Emeline were married, they moved to Vermillion, which was later named Venice. It was located east of Richfield, Utah. There Louisa Jane, their first child, was born. About one year later they made a trip to Mt. Pleasant to visit Emeline=s parents and the Smiths B John and Jane Tidwell and Joseph and Abigail Smith. After much consideration at that time, they decided to sell their place in Vermillion and move to Mt. Pleasant. Isaac took up a homestead of 160 acres of land half-mile south of the city cemetery on the south side of town and built a log cabin on it. They lived in the cabin while he built a large frame house. There they resided the rest of their lives and the other children were born: Mary Eleanor, Charity Rosalia, Sarah Abbie, Lettie, Isaac Leslie, Leo Raymond, and a baby girl who died at birth.

During the first few years, Isaac raised sheep and cattle. He later sold the sheep and most of the cattle and the land (all but 30 acres). Then he went away from home and found employment for awhile. On returning home, he put part of his farm in fruit trees and small berries B strawberries, raspberries, currants, blackberries, gooseberries, etc. He also raised watermelons, cantaloupes, and many different kinds of fruits and vegetables for the market. He was a successful farmer and a good horticulturist for his day. He also raised some grain, had milk cows and other farm animals. At one time he had a beautiful team of horses and a buggy horse which was the pride of the family. Her name was Bess.

On Sundays crowds of people would come out to the farm to buy fruit and melons. That was a part of their recreation in those days. Ella can remember when we could go out and pick strawberries by moonlight. The berries were large, and the father had the plants in perfect rows. For years he never had to take his produce to market because people would come to the farm to get it. The farm was made into a pretty place, a happy home; and it remained so for years until after father=s death.


The children remember the happy days they spent on the farm and also the work they had to do in helping both on the farm and in the house. I remember the large threshing machine and the big horses that went around and around while the wheat came rolling out of the side of the machine and filled the large sacks. Mother would cook big dinners for the men who ran the thresher. It was a holiday for us children. It wasn=t all work on the farm; there were times for play too.

Father put up a large swing and a merry-go-round for the children. Large crowds of young people would come out from town to swing and eat watermelons. They could see Moroni when they swang as high as the swing could go. (This was Ella=s comment).

When the younger children were in their teens, father bought a hammock and a large lawn swing which the family enjoyed, as did many others. Andrew courted me in the hammock by the light of the moon and in the evening breeze. While clearing part of the land of sagebrush, the younger children would pile up the brush and at night have large bonfires. They would roast potatoes and play outside games by the light of the fire. As soon as the young people in town would see the fire, they would hurry out to join in the fun.

There were nine ranch families who lived neighbors to the Phipps family: Hyrum Branstead, Chris Rassmussen, Arnold Bigler, Jerome Zabriskie, Arthur Averett, Jacob Bigler, Oscar Barton, John Zabriskie, and Willie Winkler. We would have parties and would get together for suppers and then spend the evening playing games.

There was one family that was special friends to the Phipps family. They were the members of the Jacob Bigler family. They had the same number of children in their family as we had in ours and all of us were good friends all their lives.

Isaac learned to play the violin when a boy. He used a violin he made from a gourd until he was a young man and bought himself a violin. He played for many dances which were held in the homes, as well as for other small gatherings for many years.


Father bore his testimony many times of the truthfulness of the gospel and the power of the priesthood to his family. He told of an experience he had once when he was rounding up his cattle west of his home (where the airport is now). While riding fast the saddle turned on his horse, throwing him among the rocks, hitting his head a blow, and breaking three ribs. He said his spirit left his body and went home. He saw Mother raking leaves on the west side of the house as it was the fall of the year. He saw a personage and asked what this was all about. He said your spirit has left your body.@ He could see his body lying on the ground. His thoughts were, AWhat will Mother and the children do?@ He said when his spirit entered his body it was like two trains coming together and every inch of his body tingled with pain especially his head. Some way he managed to drag himself as far as the cemetery where he met a man who took him home. They immediately wanted to send for a doctor, but father said, ANo, just sends for grandfather Tidwell.@ (John Tidwell, Sr. my mother=s father.) They did as he requested; and when John Tidwell gave him a blessing and administered to him, he almost immediately felt his ribs go into place, and within a few days, he was back to work again. John H. Tidwell had great faith and loved the Lord and my father had great faith, too. When he recovered, he related the incident to Mother and asked her if she was raking leaves at the time of his accident. She recalled that she was.

Another time the power of the priesthood was manifested in our home. Rosalia Phipps Tripp (Delmer=s mother) was ill with brights disease when she was about 14 years old. The doctor came out every day and did what he could for her, but nothing seemed to help her. So he quit coming. One day she got much worse and looked as if she would pass away. Father went for the doctor who refused to come out because he said he had done all he could for her. When father came home he said to mother, all the help we can get will come from the Lord.@ I can remember all of the children kneeling down by her bedside while father and mother placed their hands on her head and blessed her. Immediately after taking their hands from her head, she raised up in bed and said, AI am well. I feel like getting up and doing mother=s work.@ In a few days, she was up and well again.

Father died November 27, 1911, and was buried in the Mt. Pleasant City Cemetery. Mother continued to live on the farm and carry on the work until the time of her death February 20, 1926.

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 Isaac Newton Phipps

  24 May 1845 - 27 Nov. 1911 Son of Isaac Phipps and Mary Eleanor Dean Lettie Phipps Peterson wrote this life story date unknown. Additional stories were added from a document called, A1979 remembrances by Lettie Phipps Peterson recorded for her son, Wayne.@ [During his life, he went by Isaac Newton Phipps, Jr. because the Smith family had told him he was named after his father. After further research it has been determined that his father did not carry the middle name A Newton, therefore, he should not be referred to as Jr. Since this life story was written without this knowledge, we are leaving the Jr. and Sr. in this version. His birthdate was also found to be 24 May 1845, but he did not know this, so always celebrated on June 18th. His siblings were Sarah Jane, Lemmon Washington, William Harrison, and Enoch Ferman.] Isaac Newton Phipps, Jr., son of Isaac Newton Phipps, Sr. and Mary Eleanor Dean, was born June 18, 1845, in Slippery Rock, Butler County, Pennsylvania. He came to Utah when a very small boy with Uncle and Aunt Smith (Joseph and Abigail Smith) reared him after the death of his mother. They came to Salt Lake City and settled in West Jordan. Later they moved to the Dixie Country and resided in a small settlement called Sappi. They moved to Mt. Pleasant, Utah in 1864. Isaac was one of eight children the Smiths reared B, not of their own. Opal Scoville=s great grandmother, Sarah Clark, was one of them. Isaac was three years old when his mother died; his brother Enoch was six weeks old. Enoch was given to Uncle and Aunt Smith, but he died in infancy. One day Isaacs's father brought Isaac to the Smith home and left him in the yard, kissed him, and told him to be a good boy. Never again did Isaac see or hear from his father. Isaac had two brothers and one sister older than him. The brothers were George Harrison and Lamuel Washington; the sister was Sarah. After moving to Mt. Pleasant, he went away to various places for employment. He returned and was married to Emeline Maria Tidwell on December 24, 1875, by David Candland. Later he went to the Endowment House and was sealed to Emeline. They also had their three oldest children sealed to them at that time. They were Louisa Jane, Mary Eleanor, and Charity Rosalia. Later five other children were born. When Isaac went to the temple for sealings, he was instructed to take his own name and establish it. Instead of Smith, it was Phipps. After that, he went by both names B Isaac Smith and Isaac Phipps. (In later years Isaac and Emeline received their second anointings in the Manti Temple.) Isaac was baptized at the age of 8 years, in 1853. He was religious and held the gospel very dear to him. His greatest desire was to live the gospel and have his family do likewise. He wanted them to be religious and to have faith in the gospel. He bore his testimony of its truthfulness often to his children at home. Just a few days before he died, he said, if I could leave my family either wealthy or with a testimony of the gospel, I would leave them a testimony of the gospel. He was active in the church and attended sacrament and priesthood meetings regularly. He was a High Priest and a ward teacher for many years and was a full tithe payer. When I was a little girl my father would tell me stories while I scratched his head and combed his hair after he had gone to bed. He would do his chores early in the evening and have his supper and go to bed to read. He got up in the morning really early so he was tired. He told me about a little bird that saved his life when he was a boy. He was plowing for a man and had gone around the field several times. When he came to some bushes he stopped to let the horses rest and he lay down under a bush to rest, too. A little bird came and lit on the bush above his head and then flew and lit on the toe of his shoe and then back on the bush above his head. The bird did this three or four times. The last time he didn=t light on his toe but on the ground by his feet. Father raised up to see where the bird had gone and there was a large rattlesnake all curled up and ready to strike him. Father lay down quickly and rolled out into the plowed ground away from the snake to where he was safe. The little bird saved his life. When Father was about nine or ten years old he got lost and didn't know which way to go to find his home. He was up in the hills where there were a lot of cedar trees. This was when they were living in Southern Utah. Quite a few Indians were living there and the white people were afraid of them. While Father was up in the hills an Indian came by and Father hid among the cedars until he passed by. When the Indian got a ways off, Father would call out and the Indian would come back. Then father would hide again so the Indian would ride away. This happened two or three times. Father was afraid of the Indian and he was afraid to let him go because he was lost. The last time the Indian came back Father let him see him and told the Indian that he was lost. The Indian put Father on his horse with him and took Father where he could see the town where he lived. This Indian was good and Father was glad he came by and showed him how to go home. After Isaac and Emeline were married, they moved to Vermillion, which was later named Venice. It was located east of Richfield, Utah. There Louisa Jane, their first child, was born. About one year later they made a trip to Mt. Pleasant to visit Emeline=s parents and the Smiths B John and Jane Tidwell and Joseph and Abigail Smith. After much consideration at that time, they decided to sell their place in Vermillion and move to Mt. Pleasant. Isaac took up a homestead of 160 acres of land half-mile south of the city cemetery on the south side of town and built a log cabin on it. They lived in the cabin while he built a large frame house. There they resided the rest of their lives and the other children were born: Mary Eleanor, Charity Rosalia, Sarah Abbie, Lettie, Isaac Leslie, Leo Raymond, and a baby girl who died at birth. During the first few years, Isaac raised sheep and cattle. He later sold the sheep and most of the cattle and the land (all but 30 acres). Then he went away from home and found employment for awhile. On returning home, he put part of his farm in fruit trees and small berries B strawberries, raspberries, currants, blackberries, gooseberries, etc. He also raised watermelons, cantaloupes, and many different kinds of fruits and vegetables for the market. He was a successful farmer and a good horticulturist for his day. He also raised some grain, had milk cows and other farm animals. At one time he had a beautiful team of horses and a buggy horse which was the pride of the family. Her name was Bess. On Sundays crowds of people would come out to the farm to buy fruit and melons. That was a part of their recreation in those days. Ella can remember when we could go out and pick strawberries by moonlight. The berries were large, and the father had the plants in perfect rows. For years he never had to take his produce to market because people would come to the farm to get it. The farm was made into a pretty place, a happy home; and it remained so for years until after father=s death. The children remember the happy days they spent on the farm and also the work they had to do in helping both on the farm and in the house. I remember the large threshing machine and the big horses that went around and around while the wheat came rolling out of the side of the machine and filled the large sacks. Mother would cook big dinners for the men who ran the thresher. It was a holiday for us children. It wasn=t all work on the farm; there were times for play too. Father put up a large swing and a merry-go-round for the children. Large crowds of young people would come out from town to swing and eat watermelons. They could see Moroni when they swang as high as the swing could go. (This was Ella=s comment). When the younger children were in their teens, father bought a hammock and a large lawn swing which the family enjoyed, as did many others. Andrew courted me in the hammock by the light of the moon and in the evening breeze. While clearing part of the land of sagebrush, the younger children would pile up the brush and at night have large bonfires. They would roast potatoes and play outside games by the light of the fire. As soon as the young people in town would see the fire, they would hurry out to join in the fun. There were nine ranch families who lived neighbors to the Phipps family: Hyrum Branstead, Chris Rassmussen, Arnold Bigler, Jerome Zabriskie, Arthur Averett, Jacob Bigler, Oscar Barton, John Zabriskie, and Willie Winkler. We would have parties and would get together for suppers and then spend the evening playing games. There was one family that was special friends to the Phipps family. They were the members of the Jacob Bigler family. They had the same number of children in their family as we had in ours and all of us were good friends all their lives. Isaac learned to play the violin when a boy. He used a violin he made from a gourd until he was a young man and bought himself a violin. He played for many dances which were held in the homes, as well as for other small gatherings for many years. Father bore his testimony many times of the truthfulness of the gospel and the power of the priesthood to his family. He told of an experience he had once when he was rounding up his cattle west of his home (where the airport is now). While riding fast the saddle turned on his horse, throwing him among the rocks, hitting his head a blow, and breaking three ribs. He said his spirit left his body and went home. He saw Mother raking leaves on the west side of the house as it was the fall of the year. He saw a personage and asked what this was all about. He said your spirit has left your body.@ He could see his body lying on the ground. His thoughts were, AWhat will Mother and the children do?@ He said when his spirit entered his body it was like two trains coming together and every inch of his body tingled with pain especially his head. Some way he managed to drag himself as far as the cemetery where he met a man who took him home. They immediately wanted to send for a doctor, but father said, ANo, just sends for grandfather Tidwell.@ (John Tidwell, Sr. my mother=s father.) They did as he requested; and when John Tidwell gave him a blessing and administered to him, he almost immediately felt his ribs go into place, and within a few days, he was back to work again. John H. Tidwell had great faith and loved the Lord and my father had great faith, too. When he recovered, he related the incident to Mother and asked her if she was raking leaves at the time of his accident. She recalled that she was. Another time the power of the priesthood was manifested in our home. Rosalia Phipps Tripp (Delmer=s mother) was ill with brights disease when she was about 14 years old. The doctor came out every day and did what he could for her, but nothing seemed to help her. So he quit coming. One day she got much worse and looked as if she would pass away. Father went for the doctor who refused to come out because he said he had done all he could for her. When father came home he said to mother, all the help we can get will come from the Lord.@ I can remember all of the children kneeling down by her bedside while father and mother placed their hands on her head and blessed her. Immediately after taking their hands from her head, she raised up in bed and said, AI am well. I feel like getting up and doing mother=s work.@ In a few days, she was up and well again. Father died November 27, 1911, and was buried in the Mt. Pleasant City Cemetery. Mother continued to live on the farm and carry on the work until the time of her death February 20, 1926.

 
 

 

Wednesday, March 31, 2021

Kathryn Gunderson Obituary


 




Kathryn and David Gunderson were great contributors to our association and also to this blog.
David passed away just a couple of months before Kathryn.  
Now they are joined together again.



Dave was a brilliant friend who loved Mt. Pleasant.  We had long chats about his knowledge of Mt. Pleasant and also his precious memories.  We started a Blog in his name and added to it his posts or from his books.  We did this once a month or even more. 
https://draft.blogger.com/blog/posts/6800885120975455088

David Reed Gunderson     



David Reed Gunderson passed away on November 12, 2020, in South Ogden, Utah after an extended illness. He was born December 6, 1937, in Mt Pleasant, Utah, to Reed and Leoan Gunderson. As a family, he loved living in the Uinta Mountains by the Duchesne Tunnel. After Weber High School and Weber College. 

In June of 1958, he was called to serve a three-year mission to Japan for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In 1963, David earned a BS in Electrical Engineering, Magna Cum Laude, and, in 1969, a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, Summa Cum Laude with a minor in Physics. 

In 1969, he was hired by Bell Laboratories in Holmdel, New Jersey where he enjoyed sailing the Navesink River with his boat partners. 

He married Kathryn Ann Cowley on December 30, 1971, in the Salt Lake Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 

David worked with a group that designed the world’s first ‘long haul’ digital communication network. Later, his work included leading-edge satellite technology. He wrapped up a 30+ year career negotiating in foreign countries the installation of intercontinental undersea fiber-optic cables under the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans and the Red and Mediterranean Seas.

 His language skills helped open Japan as a major hub for Bell Lab Systems. He helped open markets in Papua New Guinea to Japan plus markets in Europe, India, and West Africa.

 For his significant contributions, David was honored by the “Distinguished Member of Technical Staff” award. He was a BSA Explorer Post leader for 25 years at Bell Labs. In retirement, David was an adjunct professor in U of U Engineering. 

David loved genealogy and published the Early Mt. Pleasant, Utah History, Gunderson, and Madsen books.


Survivors are his wife, Kathryn Ann Gunderson; his sister, Gayle Gunderson (Gary) Hunting of Garden Grove, CA; brother-in-law, Charles (Vicki) Cowley of Ogden, Utah; 7 nieces and nephews, and 20 great-nieces and nephews.

Graveside services will be held on Saturday, December 5, 2020, at 2 p.m. at the Ogden City Cemetery, 1875 Monroe Blvd. Friends may visit with the family on Saturday from 12:30 to 1:30 p.m. at Lindquist’s Ogden Mortuary, 3408 Washington Blvd. A memorial service will be held at a later date depending on Covid-19 conditions.


 




 

Tuesday, March 30, 2021

LOIS FERN LUND BROTHERSEN

We will only give the histories of those who have already passed away. 



 

Obituary: Lois Fern Lund Brothersen

1915 ~ 2004

Lois Fern Lund Brothersen returned to her Heavenly Father on October 2, 2004, at the Utah Valley Hospital in Provo, Utah; following a long struggle with injuries and illness, and then finally a short struggle with cancer.

There are a lot of pages created in 89 years of life; she was born to Lewis and Melissa Bailey Lund of Moroni, Utah, on January 24, 1915. She married her lifelong love, companion, and soul mate, Alten R. Brothersen of Mt. Pleasant, Utah, January 11, 1933; was later sealed in the Manti Temple July 27, 1950. He died March 6, 1987. Her education came from the school of life having grown up in the experiences of the great depression which shaped their lives by hard work and dedication to taking care of the needs of their family, working side-by-side in the sheep, cattle, and farming operations. She began her lifelong avocation and career as a seamstress working at the parachute factory (making parachutes for the U.S. Government in the Second World War). She was extremely gifted and talented as a seamstress, working for such companies as Osborn Apparel and Pacific Trails, just to mention a few. She crocheted and knitted with love, making beautiful show quality sweaters and afghan, as well as designing and making clothes for her own children and family. She loved to beautify her home, raising lovely gardens, was an excellent homemaker, and cook, sharing talents with many. She had many friends and appreciated their kindness. She loved playing cards and socializing. Lois loved to travel and did so whenever she had the opportunity, traveling to places like the Cayman Islands, Washington D.C., Portland, Oregon, The Hill Cumorah Pageant in New York, San Diego, CA. and spent one winter in Arizona. Lois was very active in the LDS Church, holding many positions in the church. Her strong testimony of the church was reflected by her exemplary life. She was very active in Community affairs with her husband "Alt" and an active member of the Daughters of the Utah Pioneers, she loved her rich heritage.

She is survived by her daughters Shirlene Jensen of Orem; Maxine Harward (Kimball) of Fountain Green; Mor Rae Brothersen of Mt. Pleasant; and son Boyd A Brothersen (Avrin) of Mt. Pleasant; 10 grandchildren and 23 great-grandchildren; her brother Cliff Lund, Moroni; and sister Florence Cook, Rome, New York. She was preceded in death by her husband "Alt",

Monday, March 29, 2021

Flu Shot Traffic and Spanish Flu Vaccine Development History

Corona Virus Flue Shot Traffic 2020-21


Spanish Flu Line Up 1918-19

(might have looked like)



 

  

The 1918-19 Spanish Influenza Pandemic and Vaccine Development

September 26, 2018 Karie Youngdahl

Clipping from Newark Evening News, 1918
Newark Evening News, 1918

When people write about the Spanish Influenza pandemic of 1918-19, they usually start with the staggering global death toll, the huge number of people who were infected with the pandemic virus, and the inability of the medical field to do anything to help the infected. And while those factors were hallmarks of the devastating episode, researchers and health workers in the United States and Europe were confidently devising vaccines and immunizing hundreds of thousands of people in what amounted to a medical experiment on the grandest scale. What were the vaccines they came up with? Did they do anything to protect the immunized and halt the spread of the disease?
_____________________________________________

First, the numbers. In 1918 the US population was 103.2 million. During the three waves of the Spanish Influenza pandemic between spring 1918 and spring 1919, about 200 of every 1000 people contracted influenza (about 20.6 million). Between 0.8% (164,800) and 3.1% (638,000) of those infected died from influenza or pneumonia secondary to it. 

A few vaccines to prevent other diseases were available at the time -- smallpox vaccine had, of course, been used for more than 100 years; Louis Pasteur had developed rabies vaccine for post-exposure prophylaxis after an encounter with a rabid animal; typhoid fever vaccines had been developed. Diphtheria antitoxin -- a medication made from the blood of previously infected animals -- had been used for treatment since the late 1800s; an early form of a diphtheria vaccine had been used; and experimental cholera vaccines had been developed. Almroth Wright had tested a whole-cell pneumococcal vaccine in South African gold miners in 1911. Manufacturers had developed and sold various mixed heat-killed bacterial stock vaccines of dubious usefulness. 

In terms of knowledge of influenza as an infectious diseases, not a great deal was understood at the time. Many medical professionals thought that influenza was a specific communicable disease that presented seasonally, usually in the winter. Even so, without specific diagnostic tools, mild cases of influenza were difficult to distinguish from other acute respiratory illnesses. The tools of the time were only able to detect bacteria, not smaller pathogens. 

And physicians and scientists struggled to understand whether yearly influenza to which they were accustomed was related to the occasional widespread and highly epidemic illness of years we now know were pandemic influenza (1848-49 and 1889-90).

German scientist Richard Pfeiffer (1858-1945) claimed to have identified the causative agent of influenza in a publication in 1892 -- he described rod-shaped bacilli present in every case of influenza he examined. He was not, however, able to demonstrate Koch's postulates by causing the illness in experimental animals. Many professionals accepted his findings, though, and thought Pfeiffer's influenza bacillus, as it was called, was responsible for seasonal influenza.

But as the 1910s progressed and bacteriological methods matured, other researchers presented results that conflicted with Pfeiffer's findings. They found his organism in healthy individuals and in those suffering from illnesses that clearly were not influenza. Additionally, they looked for Pfeiffer's bacillus in influenza cases and in many instances did not find it at all. Though many physicians still believed that Pfeiffer had correctly identified the culprit, a growing number of others had begun to doubt his findings.  

Those true believers had some reason to be hopeful that a vaccine could prevent influenza as the disease began its second appearance in the United States in early fall 1918. By October 2, 1918, William H. Park, MD, head bacteriologist of the New York City Health Department, was working on a Pfeiffer's bacteria influenza vaccine. The New York Times reported that Royal S. Copeland, Health Commissioner of New York City, described the vaccine as an influenza preventive and an "application of an old idea to a new disease." Park was making his vaccine from heat-killed Pfeiffer's bacilli isolated from ill individuals and testing it on volunteers from Health Department staff (New York Times, October 2, 1918). Three doses were given 48 hours apart. By October 12, he wrote in the New York Medical Journal that he was vaccinating employees from large companies and soldiers in army camps. He hoped to have evidence to demonstrate the effectiveness of the vaccine in a few weeks (Park WH, 1918).

Chart showing deaths from influenza in Chicago in the fall of 1918
A number of influenza cases reported on November 2, 1918, in Chicago. AJPH, 1918.

In November, the Newark Evening News reported that 39,000 doses of the Leary-Park influenza vaccine had been prepared and that most doses were used. (Timothy Leary was a professor at Tufts University School of Medicine.) Though it was too soon to tell if the vaccine was effective, "...the average person need have no fear of the results of the vaccine. Neurotic and rheumatic individuals, however, appear to be sensitive to the vaccine, while children take it with less disturbance than adults" (Newark Evening News, 1918).

By December 13, 1918, Copeland was not so confident about his department's vaccine. He told the Times that vaccines made from Pfeiffer's bacilli appeared to have no effect on influenza prevention. Rather, he was confident that a mixed bacterial vaccine (streptococcal, pneumococcal, staphylococcal, and Pfeiffer's bacilli) developed by E.C. Rosenow at the Mayo Foundation was an effective preventive. And while he thought that most people in New York had already been exposed to Spanish influenza, he mentioned that he would have Park prepare some of the Rosenow vaccines to immunize people in New York throughout the winter (New York Times, December 13, 1918). Well, more than 500,000 doses of Rosenow vaccine were produced (Eyler, 2009).

University of Pittsburgh, Tulane University, and even private physicians were making their own vaccines. Convalescent serum was also used (Boston Post, January 6, 1919; Robertson & Koehler, 1918). The Deseret (UT) Evening News noted on December 14, 1918, that free vaccine was available in communities around the state. 

Based on my survey of newspaper and medical journal articles from the time, it is clear that many hundreds of thousands, if not a million or more, doses of vaccines were produced during the pandemic years. (A few years ago I wrote another blog post about Rosenow's vaccine and other vaccines.) 

The Editorial Committee of the American Journal of Public Health tried to put a damper on people's expectations about vaccines. They wrote in January 1919 that the causative organism of the current influenza was still unknown, and therefore the vaccines being produced had only a chance at being directed at the right target. They noted that vaccines for secondary infections made some sense, but that all the vaccines being produced must be viewed as experimental. Acknowledging the somewhat ad hoc nature of vaccine development in the current crisis, they urged that control groups be used with all the vaccines and that the differences between control and experimental group be minimized, as to risk of exposure, time of exposure during an epidemic, and so on (Editorial Committee of the American Journal of Public Health, 1919).

Certainly none of the vaccines described above prevented viral influenza infection – we know now that influenza is caused by a virus and none of the vaccines protected against it. But were any of them protected against the bacterial infections that developed secondary to influenza? Vaccinologist Stanley A. Plotkin, MD, thinks they were not. He told us, “The bacterial vaccines developed for Spanish influenza were probably ineffective because at the time it was not known that pneumococcal bacteria come in many, many serotypes and that of the bacterial group they called B. influenza, only one type is a major pathogen.” In other words, the vaccine developers had little ability to identify, isolate, and produce all the potential disease-causing strains of bacteria circulating at the time. Indeed, today’s pneumococcal vaccine for children protects against 13 serotypes of that bacteria, and the vaccine for adults protects against 23 serotypes.

A 2010 article, however, describes a meta-analysis of bacterial vaccine studies from 1918-19 and suggests a more favorable interpretation.  Based on the 13 studies that met inclusion criteria,  the authors conclude that some of the vaccines could have reduced the attack rate of pneumonia after viral influenza infection. They suggest that, despite the limited numbers of bacteria strains in the vaccines, vaccination could have led to cross-protection from multiple related strains (Chien, 2010).

It was not until the 1930s that researchers established that influenza was in fact caused by a virus, not a bacterium. Pfeiffer's influenza bacillus would eventually be named Haemophilus influenza the name retaining the legacy of its long-standing, though inaccurate, association with influenza. And today, influenza vaccines – as well as H. influenza type b vaccines—are widely available to prevent illness.

Parts of this post were adapted from an earlier blog post of mine.

Sources

Cecil RL. Present status of pneumococcus vaccine. AJPH. 1919;9(8):593-594.

Chien Y, Klugman KP, Morens DM. Efficacy of whole-cell killed bacterial vaccines in preventing pneumonia and death during the 1918 influenza pandemic. JID. 2010;202(11):1639-1648.

Convalescent sera used. Boston Post. January 6, 1919.

The editorial committee of the American Public Health Association. A working program against influenza. AJPH. 1919;9(1)1-12.

Eyler JM. The state of science, microbiology, and vaccines circa 1918. Public Health Reports. 2010;125(3_suppl):27-36.

Eyler JM. The fog of research: influenza vaccine trials during the 1918–19 pandemic. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 2009;64(4):401-428.

Influenza epidemic not expected here. New York Times. December 13, 1918.

Park WH. Bacteriology and possibility of anti-influenza vaccine as a prophylactic. New York Medical Journal. 1918;108:15:621.

Plotkin SA. Personal correspondence. November 23, 2011.

Robertson JD, Koehler G. Preliminary report on the influenza epidemic in Chicago. AJPH. 1918;8(11)849-856.

No decision yet as to anti-grip vaccine value. Newark Evening News. November 30, 1918.

Tells of vaccine to stop influenza. New York Times. October 2, 1918.

Free vaccine for communities of the state. Deseret Evening News. December 14, 1918.

Find an Influenza Serum. Kansas City Star, September 29, 1918

Sunday, March 28, 2021

Joe the Parrot

 The video below was submitted by Larry Staker.  It reminded me of a story told by David Gunderson 

Memories of Andrew Madsen’s Parrot, Joe ~ by David R. Gunderson






Early Photo of Hilda's House on State Street
I first met Joe in the late fall of 1942 when our family spent December at Aunt Hilda’s house in Mt. Pleasant, Utah. Originally, this home had been built by Andrew Madsen, Aunt Hilda’s father and my great-grandfather, and it was one of the first houses built outside the fort in the early 1860’s.

                                           Aunt Hilda



Joe lived in the south-west corner of Aunt Hilda’s kitchen and could speak in both English and Danish. Sometimes he used words in English that, as a five-year-old, I was not allowed to say. I don’t know about his Danish vocabulary, but I’ll bet it was just as colorful as his English vocabulary. I did notice that, unlike me, Joe’s mouth was never washed out with soap when he used any of his more colorful words. I also noticed that Dad and Uncle Bruce didn’t get the soap treatment either. I decided that maybe Aunt Hilda and Mom had just given up on all three of them A Picture of an Amazon Parrot
.
We believe that Joe was an Amazon or perhaps a Military Macaw parrot and that he had been obtained by Andrew Madsen in the 1910 time frame after his first parrot had flown off. The story goes that one day in the early fall, the first parrot was placed on the front porch to get some sun. When he saw a flock of birds migrating south, he simply flew up and joined them. His wings had been clipped and family members feared for his safety. They carefully searched for him for several days but no sign of him was ever found in Sanpete.

Some years later, a group of LDS missionaries returning to Sanpete from Mexico, reported that they had seen a parrot, perched in a tree that looked like the Madsen’s lost bird. When they approached it to try to coax it down, it flew away swearing at them in both English and Danish. We can’t say, for sure if this bird was Andrew Madsen’s lost parrot, but the number of feral parrots in Northern Mexico at that time, with the lost bird’s coloring and the language skills, must have been extremely small.

Joe seems to have joined the family at about the time of my mother’s birth and a year or two after Aunt Hilda had resigned her management position in the Scofield Division of the Eastern Utah Telephone Company to take over the management of the Madsen home in Mt. Pleasant.



 Joe with Russel, Royal, Leoan, & Chesley Madsen

Joe was quite attached to Aunt Hilda and he loved my mother, Leoan. He and Mom had a lifelong friendship and they had seen each other nearly every day as Mom was growing up.


 When Mom was eighteen or nineteen years old, she entered the University of Utah and had to be away from home for some extended periods of time. Joe missed her during these periods and must have felt that she had been ignoring him. He took personal offense to this, and when she came home on breaks, Joe would totally ignore her for a day or so. We think this was just to teach her a lesson, and let her know how it felt to be ignored. But this never lasted long, and he would soon forgive her and welcome her back into his inner circle of friends.


Joe was always busy cracking seeds, preening his feathers, honing his beak, scolding, surveying his domain, or doing other things that are important to parrots. But, when you entered “his” kitchen, Joe would always stop all of his activities and say, “Hello Joe, Hello Joe” (always said twice) and then he would wait for you to say “Hello Joe” back before he resumed his busy schedule.

By the time I met him, Joe was about 32 years of age, late in his midlife years, and he had become a bit “crotchety”. Aunt Hilda warned us that Joe had been known to bite and cautioned us that we should keep away from him.






Joe always wanted to have things done “his way”, and when Aunt Hilda did something he didn’t like, I remember of seeing him charge at her feet, with his wings flapping, and scolding her at the top of his lungs. This made believers of us children, so after that, we enjoyed Joe from a safe distance. Joe seemed to have liked this arrangement because I don’t recall that any one of us was ever bitten or even scolded by Joe.

Joe had a perch, a cage, some toys, and a cover for the night. He also had a cup for food and one for water. Each morning, Aunt Hilda would give him fresh water, fill his food cup with sunflower and other seeds and give him fruits and greens. I loved to see him play with his toys, pick up a seed, shell it, and pop it into his mouth. He wasn’t very tidy with the seed shells, scattering them all around his perch.


Aunt Hilda raised sunflowers in her garden for Jo; the ones with the huge heads and equally huge seeds. She had quite a few of these dried sunflower “heads” stored in her back porch, and I remember that she recruited me to help her pick them or scrape the large seeds out of the “heads” for Joe. I loved her cat "Tom" helping to do something for him.

Hilda, "Joe the Parrot" and "Tom the Cat"

Aunt Hilda suffered from rheumatism which worsened as she grew older. When she was away for treatment or visiting nieces and nephews, she always left Joe with her cousin, Emma Anderson. The Andersons liked Joe and he seemed to have liked them as well. In 1944 or 1945, after Aunt Hilda had cared for Joe for some 35 years, she found that she could no longer carry on and Joe went to live with the Andersons permanently.


In 1948, Aunt Emma called to offer to let us have one of her newly born purebred wirehaired terrier puppies. (Aunt Emma was very selective about the people she would trust with one of her puppies, and it was a great honor to be given an opportunity to have one of them.) When we entered Aunt Emma’s kitchen to get my new pup, mother walked over towards Joe’s perch to say hello. Joe wasn’t ready for such familiarity with someone he didn’t recognize and he turned toward Mom, flapping his wings and squawking at the top of his lungs. This was not an angry attack but enough to let Mom know that he felt that she was intruding on his private space. Mom backed off a bit but continued to talk quietly to Joe.


When he had settled down, he seemed to begin to study her, like you would when you meet someone you think you should know. He then brightened up and called her name in his shrill parrot’s voice, first, softly as a question, then with increasing volume as he recognized her, and finally brightly as a welcome to a dear friend that he hadn’t seen in far to long a time.


“Leoan??? … Leoan??? …. Leoan!!!”


Joe then seemed delighted that Mom had come to visit him; he wanted her to pick him up, and let him stand on her shoulder so that he could preen her hair and “cuddle” her.  Mom let him stand on her hand and wrist and let him climb up to her shoulder once but didn’t trust him to stay there. Both Mom and Joe seemed to enjoy this renewal of their long friendship.


I believe this visit to Aunt Emma’s to get my new puppy was the last time we ever saw Joe. He died a year or two later at the young age (for parrots) of about 42 years, far short of the 60+ years he might have lived in the wild.



In all, Joe shared his life with four generations of our family. We all loved him, and enjoyed his quirky ways. I believe that, in his way, Joe loved us too.