Halloween Horror Story ~ It Happened Right Here In Mt. Pleasant

From Mt. Pleasant History:  Hilda Madsen Longsdorf 

The Indians were often seen roaming about and frequently visited the colonists; many interesting instances have been related concerning them. Peter Gottfredson related the following:



"In the spring of '61, when the stock was brought back to Mount Pleasant, Jack Tidwell, Charley Tucker and I herded sheep around near town. A camp of Indians was camped at Twin Creek. They wanted a grave dug for a squaw. Bishop Seeley had two men go out and dig the grave and then they left their shovels for the Indians to fill in the grave. The grave was dug about five rods north of the northwest corner of the graves that were then lengthwise, north and south. We boys saw the Indians bring the squaw lying across a horse, one Indian behind the horse, the other holding the squaw on. 

We went to see the burial. When the Indians brought the squaw, she was yet alive but very sick. They led the horse to the south end of the grave and pushed her off into the bottom of the grave. When she fell into the bottom of the grave she made a loud moan. The Indians handed the shovels to us to fill in the dirt. 

We threw down the shovels and went to our sheep a short distance south of the grave yard. When next we went there, the grave had been filled in and the squaw had been buried alive with only a blanket wrapped around her. The Indians broke camp the next day and moved away."

Hilda Madsen Longsdorf, History of Mt. Pleasant p 69

North Sanpete High School Class of 1941 ~~~ Submitted by Lee R. Christensen

Thanks to Lee R.  we have this photo.  Probably a class reunion.  Lee is not a member of this class.  Your help in identifying the members would be appreciated. 

Home of Rasmus Lauritz Madsen and Harriet Grace West ~~~ Researched and Compiled by Tudy Barentsen Standlee

North Sanpete High Class of 1956 ~~~ 60 Year Reunion

History of Eliza Rebecca Scovil

The North Sanpete Rams Became the North Sanpete Hawks after Consolidation of Moroni High and North Sanpete High

In 1957 the North Sanpete Rams

  

Became the North Sanpete Hawks

 because North Sanpete was consolidated with

Moroni High School 

The above is taken from:  Utah State Office of Education  

North Sanpete Rams

JIM BRIDGER

James Bridger

Matthew Despain and Fred R. Gowans
Utah History Encyclopedia

Jim Bridger


James Bridger was one of the greatest frontiersmen of Utah and American history. During his lifetime he was a hunter, trapper, trader, Indian fighter, and guide, and one of only a few trappers to remain in the Rockies after the demise of the fur trade. In 1822 young Bridger heeded William Ashley's call for one hundred "enterprising young men" and ascended the route of the Missouri River under Major Andrew Henry's command.

Bridger spent his first year with the company on the upper Missouri until Blackfoot Indian hostilities forced the expedition back down river in the spring of 1823. Bridger then accompanied Henry's brigade to the Yellowstone River, where, en route, Hugh Glass was attacked by a grizzly. Evidence would indicate that Bridger volunteered as one of Glass's caretakers, but that he abandoned Glass believing he would not live. Glass miraculously survived and apparently exonerated Bridger's desertion due to his youth.

Bridger spent the fall of 1823 and the following winter and spring of 1824 trapping and wintering in the Bighorn region as part of John Weber's brigade. By summer's end, he had pushed west across South Pass to trap the Bear River. The brigade assembled in "Willow Valley" (Cache Valley) to winter on Cub Creek near present Cove, Utah. Allegedly during that winter of 1824-25 a dispute arose concerning the Bear River's course south of Cache Valley. Bridger was selected to explore the river to resolve the question. His journey took him to the Great Salt Lake, which he believed was an arm of the Pacific Ocean due to its saltiness. For years, Bridger was recognized as the first documented discoverer of the great "Inland Sea"; however, more recent evidence seems to indicate that this honor should be given to Etienne Provost.

The following spring, Weber's brigade spread along the Wasatch Front to trap. In May, Bridger was probably at the Ogden-Gardner trappers' confrontation near present Mountain Green; however, there is no documentation that indicates he participated in the proceedings. That summer Bridger attended the Randavouze Creek rendezvous, just north of the Utah-Wyoming border near the present town of McKinnon, Wyoming.

The winter of 1825-1826 was spent by Bridger and most of Ashley's men in the Salt Lake Valley in two camps: one at the mouth of the Weber River and one on the Bear. Bridger continued to trap the regions of the Wasatch Front for approximately the next four years, spending some of his winters in the Salt Lake Valley. He was present at all the rendezvous, including the Cache Valley rendezvous of 1826 and the rendezvous of 1827 and 1828 on the south shore of Bear Lake at present-day Laketown, Utah.

In 1830 Bridger and four other partners formed the Rocky Mountain Fur Company; however, exhausted fur reserves and increased competition from John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company forced the company to venture north into hostile Blackfoot territory. The Rocky Mountain Fur Company was dissolved in 1834 and by the end of the decade the fur trade itself was over.

During the final years of the fur trade, Bridger, with partner Louis Vasquez, planned and constructed what was to be Fort Bridger, located on Black's Fork of the Green River. This new enterprise was to become one of the principal trading posts for the western migration, established specifically to serve the wagon trains heading to the far West. Bridger's post served many immigrants heading west, including the ill-fated Donner-Reed party.

In June 1847 Bridger had his first encounter with the Mormon pioneers near the mouth of the Little Sandy River. At this gathering, Bridger and Brigham Young discussed the merits of settling in the Salt Lake Valley. Also during this meeting Bridger drew his map on the ground for Young depicting the region with great accuracy and conveyed to the Mormon leader his misgivings regarding the agricultural productivity of the Salt Lake area. This first meeting between the Mormons and Bridger appears to have been pleasant, yet this relationship was to become a bittersweet one for Bridger.

The coming of the Mormons increased the number of immigrants at the fort. However, the Mormon settlements attracted away a significant portion of Bridger's trade, including that of the Indians, causing economic hardships for the post.

In 1850 Bridger consulted and guided the Stansbury expedition, which established a road much of which would later become the route of the Overland Stage and the Union Pacific Railroad. The same year, the territory of Utah was created; it included under its jurisdiction the Fort Bridger area.

Animosity between Bridger and the Mormons festered in the summer of 1853. Mormon leaders were convinced that Bridger was engaged in illicit trade with the Indians, especially guns and ammunition, and that he had stirred hostility among the Native Americans against the Mormons. Mormon leaders revoked Bridger's license to trade and issued a warrant for his arrest; however, before the posse's arrival Bridger had fled.

By the end of 1853, the Mormons had begun to move in and secure control of Bridger's Green River Basin, opting to establish Fort Supply rather than occupy Fort Bridger. Bridger had gone to the east, but returned to the mountains in 1855. That summer, Bridger sold his fort to the Mormons for $8,000. The Mormons paid Bridger $4,000 in gold coin that August; however, the final payment was not made until 1858, when Vasquez received the remaining $4,000 in Salt Lake City.

The Mormons took possession of Fort Bridger in 1855, making much-needed improvements, including erecting a large cobblestone wall around the fort. However, in 1857, the fort was destroyed by the Mormons to hinder the advance of Albert Sidney Johnston's Army, which was being guided by none other than James Bridger. The army occupied the fort until 1890. Bridger tried to deal with the army regarding leasing the fort under the premise that the Mormons had forced him out and stolen it from him. During the 1870s and early 1880s, Bridger inquired about the army's lease, but without success.

Bridger died in July 1881. After his death, the government paid his widow for the improvements of the post, which consisted of thirteen log structures and the eighteen-foot-high cobblestone wall, which, ironically, were built by the Mormons.

See: Cecil J. Alter, Jim Bridger: A Historical Narrative (1986); Fred R. Gowans and Eugene E. Campbell, Fort Bridger, Island in the Wilderness (1975); LeRoy R. Hafen and Harvey L. Carter, eds., Mountain Men and Fur Traders of the Far West (1982); and Dale L. Morgan, ed., The West of William H. Ashley (1964).

Journey of Faith

---

With permission of David R. Gunderson, we include the following book to our blog.   I will do a few increments at a time, as I have done with the Andrew Madsen and James Monsen histories.  I will also paste the pages over to David's own blog page: http://davidrgunderson.blogspot.com/

This book will be of interest to not only the Gunderson Family but also to the Brotherson, Ericksen, Peel,   Madsen, Larsen and more.

1 Lever, p. 201, The Hamilton settlement was established by Madison D. Hamilton and his associates in the spring of 1852 and burned out about July 25, 18532 Longsdorf, pp. 46 - 513 Calculations indicate that the area of the fort was actually about 4.225 acres. If the fort had enclosed 5.5 acres, the dimensions would have been about 29.66 rods 

THE GHOSTS OF THE OLD PIONEER CEMETERY ~ John K. Olsen Ephraim, Utah ~ Saga of the Sanpitch

 Photo by Scott Law 

https://www.google.com/search?q=Ephraim%27s+Old+Pioneer+Cemetery&espv=2&biw=1536&bih=771&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwie8pi_q9jPAhWr0FQKHaSAC6kQ_AUIBygC#imgrc=BwoePVTHkB7c7M%3A

  At the turn of the century there was a very common superstition that all graveyards were inhabited by ghosts who slept by day but were very active come nighttime. Those ghosts were of special interest to the young folks of Ephraim with whom I associated. This fear of ghosts was kept alive by many parents as a means of controlling their offspring. Their threat of “If you don’t do as I say, I’ll give you to the ghosts”, brought immediate compliance in almost every case.

 I lived on our farm north and west of the city. On my way to or from town I had to pass the old Pioneer Cemetery, but that fact did not trouble me. I accepted it. I was mature enough to know that most events have a reason for happening, and also I knew that most ghosts were most prevalent at Halloween time. As this holiday approached I heard more and more real or fanciful stories regarding ghosts.

 It seemed to me that the other kids began to become interested in me and the fact that I passed the cemetery so often. One night, just west of the cemetery, I brought my horse to a stop by yelling, “Whoa, whoa!” several times before I reached down to undo the wire that held our farm gate closed. My horse did not seem to understand because he kept shifting our position, and perhaps I even said several other words. Suddenly I was startled to hear voices coming from the cemetery. I am frank to admit that these voices scared me and I hurried for home. I decided that the safest thing to do was to not tell anyone about my fright, but to stay home nights.

 A short time thereafter Jim, my brother, came to me and proposed that we go to town that night. Thinking there would be safety in numbers, I decided it would be safe to go with him. At the gate those voices from the graveyard were again heard. To my surprise Jim said, “Those ghosts scare hell out of me when I am alone, but for some strange reason I would like to see a ghost tonight.” So he, too, had heard the ghosts. Jim’s presence buoyed me up and made me feel just like he felt. “I, too, would like to see a ghost tonight,” I answered. Right then and there we agreed to investigate. At first we whispered as we communicated with each other. The ghost voices whispered back. We talked more loudly and again the ghosts answered. Now we knew the secret, for the voices we had been hearing proved to be the echoes of our own voices coming from one place in that old cemetery. We pondered this knowledge, if those ghosts didn’t leave the graveyard, then it was fear of ghosts that left us.

Maybe there were never any ghosts there at all. For since the spring cleaning of the old Pioneer Cemetery in 1907, those ghostly voices have never been heard. What caused the echo has never been explained and the mystery has never been solved. After that date all has been peace, quiet, dryness, and serenity in that fenced-in land of the dead.

Home of Neils Sven Neilson and Bengta Neilson (Nilsson) ~ Researched and Compiled by Tudy Barentsen Standlee

Hamilton School 1907=1908 ~ Seventh Grade ~ Submitted by Betty Gunderson Woodbury

ASPEN GRAFFITI ~ James L. Jacobs

The white trunks of aspen trees growing along roadsides in the mountains east of Sanpete Valley are covered with names and other graffiti carved by knives of former visitors. People who traveled or worked there seemed to have had an irresistible urge to establish their status by leaving their names displayed on these stately and attractive trees for future visitors to see.

When trees were properly carved, the knife cuts were formed into black scars that remained in vivid contrast to the snow-white bark for the lifetime of the tree. If cuts were too shallow, the tree healed them up so no scar was left. Some inexperienced carvers had cut channels clear through the bark down to the wood, and these caused such large scars that the carvings were almost illegible. But most carvings were made properly by competent and experienced carvers so the carvings became permanent and attractive.

In the early 1900’s all travel was by horseback or horse drawn vehicles, which was slow enough to give travelers ample time to observe and reflect on the great collection of carvings they found on the trees. There was also time to add one’s own name while the horses were resting or while they were stopped for lunch.

The names of entire families, father, mother and children, were often left on trees as evidence that they had been in the mountains. A family trip to visit a sheep herding father or to fish in the mountain streams made it possible for them to record their names on the biggest tree they could find. In areas most frequented by people, tree trunks were so covered with carvings that there was scarcely any bare surface left within reach.

Carvings varied as widely as the people who made them. Most names were formed of large block letters, but there were many styles, kinds and sizes of name carving. Some names were made in beautiful script instead of the usual printed letters. Lon Larsen was one who used uniform, flowing longhand made with real artistic quality.

Another who left his name in fine script was Orange A. Olsen, a Forest Service officer who has a ranger station named for him in Joe’s Valley on the Manti Forest. Most carvers were content to leave only their names or initials, but some added their addresses and the dates the carvings were made. The oldest I recall was dated 1890, while other dates showed continuous carvings from then right up to the time I herded sheep, from 1922 to 1927. Many indulged their artistic talents by carving a wide variety of pictures which included everything from horseshoes to teepees, houses, snakes and human hands.

There were more pictures of people than anything else, especially voluptuous ladies and virile men, and many likenesses of horses, bears, and various other animals.  Many sentiments were expressed in messages left for future visitors to see. Some of these read, “All sheepherders are crazy,” “Hate these blatting woollies,” “Lonesome Joe,” “Killed a bear.” In one area there were many short poetic verses, most of which were somewhat ribald in character. Some carvers thought it smart to counterfeit the names of well-known celebrities, so when one found “Daniel Boone,” “Tom Mix,” or “Woodrow Wilson,” it was understood these had been faked and were not authentic signatures.

During the years I herded sheep I was fascinated with the carvings, most of which had been made by sheepherders. In the long summer days, sheep shaded up from mid-morning until late afternoon, leaving the herders free for many hours in the middle of the day. So what could occupy their time better than tree carving! Andrew Tidwell was the most prolific carver of all the sheepherders on the north end of the mountain. He sometimes carved his full name in large letters, but at other times he shortened it to “A. Tid.” But in most places only his initials were found, on hundreds of trees along roads and trails and back in the boondocks where only sheepmen and hunters usually go. No one filled up a tree trunk like he did. He would ride his horse up to a tall tree, stand up in the saddle and carve “AT” as high on the tree as he could reach, then place another initial under that one and repeat it all the way down to the ground. I counted 28 “AT” initials in a column on one tree, and there were many more like it.

 The regular camping places where sheep camps were located year after year where known by well established names, many of which were carved on trees at the camps. “Little Bear,” “Beer Spring,” “The Jumpoff,” were some of the names. But “Honeymoon Camp” was my favorite. It was so named because a sheepherder once took his bride there right after they were married. It was an ideal place to spend a honeymoon and get a sheepherder’s salary at the same time. But there was a problem. The bunk on which the honeymooners slept was made of aspen poles with rawhide strips crisscrossing each other for a mattress. The groom had slept alone all his life, and it was difficult for him to get any rest cuddled in the arms of his affectionate bride. After several restless nights, the groom solved the problem. While the bride was not looking, he tightened the leather strip running down the center of the bunk. This raised a slight ridge down the middle with depressions on each side. Thereafter when the bride fell asleep, the cuddling was ended as she slipped of the ridge onto her side of the bed, and the groom slept soundly on his side, happily remote from her cuddling arms.

To relieve their loneliness, herders would often ride to the neighboring camps to visit and have dinner together. On Sundays two or three herders would catch a mess of trout and have a joint fish fry at one of the camps. It was customary for all to leave their names at all camps. I once wrote down the names on the trees at Harve Spring Camp. These were: Lynn Averett, Wenzel Brewer, Dan Christensen, James Jacobs, Loftin Johnson, Lon Larsen, Hans Lund, Howe Lund, Ray Lund, Bruce Madsen, Chet Mills, Liandro Serrano, Andrew Tidwell, Kenneth Tidwell, Aurel Winkler, Montel Winkler, Owen Winkler, Irl Wilson, Peter Woolsey and Shirley Zabriskie.

Not all aspen graffiti were manmade; bears also left their marks. It was rumored that a bear would claim his home territory by reaching high on a tree and marked the bark with his claws to show that this area was owned by a large bear. I doubted this, but I did see hundreds of trees deeply marked by the claws of bears that had climbed them. There were then very many bears in the mountains. A marauding bear ran amuck in the sheep I was herding one night and killed or mortally wounded 42 sheep on their bed ground. We  used bear grease rendered from bear fat to keep our shoes oiled. Sam Pierce was employed as a bear hunter and killed more than 100 bears in 1916 on the Manti Forest area.

Most carvers left their names on many trees, but two men told me they had each carved their names only once. One was Ernest Winkler, whose name I found near Commissary Spring where he had carved it as a boy. The other was James Larsen, whose one carving was in a grove of trees on top of the mountain. He carved this while his sheep were marooned in deep snow from a severe early fall storm, and he was waiting for help to rescue them. A team of horses dragged a fir tree through the snow to make a trail the sheep could follow off the mountain, strung out in single file.

Recently I found a forgotten carving of my own name on a tree near Silver Creek. With it was the date, “Sept. 9, 1924,” and the comment, “114 fish.” I remembered carving this on my way home to attend school after herding sheep since early May. Another herder and I had gone fishing before I left the herd. The legal limit was then thirty fish per day with two day’s limit allowed in possession. I was bringing home, packed in grass in a gunny sack tied behind my saddle, my sixty fish and those the other herder was sending home. So the “144 fish” were six fish short of the 120 we were entitled to.

The tree carvings gave a taste of history to visitors at a time when the leisurely pace of horse travel made it possible to see and admire them. Now that motor vehicles whisk people through groves of trees so rapidly, they do not take time to observe and add to the carvings as they did sixty years ago. And many people contend the carvings destroy the beauty of the picturesque aspen trees. So the day of the popularity of aspen graffiti is past.

When Did Boys Stop Wearing Bib Overalls?

A few days ago our friend Lee Christensen (Buddy) commented:Great Post. And when did boys stop wearing bib overalls>?

https://mtpleasantpioneer.blogspot.com/2016/10/when-did-girls-stop-wearing-dresses-to.html

And so I did a little research and came up with nothing...... but this: 

In the early 1900s it seems as though boys would dress as well as the teacher.  They are wearing suits. 

In 1947  only a few boys wore bib overalls.

This   year there must have been a sale on bib ovealls at J.C.Penney

Wikipedia:

Overalls are usually made of denim and often have riveted pockets, similar to those on jeans. Bib overalls have long been associated with rural men and boys in the Southern United States and the Midwestern United States, especially farmers and railroad workers. They are often worn with no shirt at all by children, teen boys and men in warmer weather. All over America in modern times, painters, farmers, certain factory workers, some train locomotive engineers, carpenters and other tradesmen or workmen often wear overalls as protective over garments. Since the 1960's, different colors and patterns of bib overalls have been increasingly worn by young people of both sexes, often with one of the straps worn loose or unfastened along the side and under the arm. The bib overalls fashion trend among American youth culture peaked in the latter half of the 1970s, and again for females in the late 1990s.

In the 20th century, overalls were also sometimes worn as casual clothes, due to their comfort, handiness and durability. Overalls are also made in corduroy in addition to denim, and come in many styles.

In  British English such bib type overalls are usually called pairs of dungarees.

Archive Research ~ Follow the link.

Newspaper Clippings and Biennial Reports of the Capitol Commission Online by Jim Kichas

The Utah State Archives continues to celebrate Archives Month by focusing on the 100th year anniversary of the Utah State Capitol. This week we would like to share information on two new additions to the Digital Archives that help illuminate this important history.

The first is a collection of compiled newspaper clippings that document public relations efforts by the Capitol Commission and public opinion regarding the building of the state capitol. This includes newspaper clippings that document the design competition for the capitol building, arguments for and against construction, location issues, calls for voter participation, messages from Governor William Spry, and highlights from the construction process such as the laying of the cornerstone.

Newspaper clipping from the June 07, 1909 edition of the Salt Lake Telegram

The original Biennial Reports of the Utah Capitol Commission have also been digitized and made available online. These records provide an account of the monies used to build the State Capitol Complex, with the 1913-1914 report containing specific construction details and land procurement operations. The 1915-1916 report includes more specific design expenditures and a small history of the construction. Pictures of various stages of the buildings construction are also included.

Construction photo of the Utah State Capitol from the Capitol Commission's 1915-1916 Biennial Report.

https://archivesresearch.wordpress.com/2016/10/11/newly-processed-september-2016/

ABRAHAM EDWARD MCINTOSH by Karen Shelley Hacking

David Peterson ~ Chore Time and Farming As A Vocation

Home of Lars Christian Madsen and wife Mary Olive Nelson ~~~ Researched and Compiled by Tudy Barentsen Standlee

NSHS School Song

Last night we attended our oldest granddaughter's volleyball game against Juab.  They won and are first in the region.  After the game, the entire student body and audience rose to sing the school song.I'm embarrassed to say that I had forgotten some of the words, but I found them this morning in my son's 1984 yearbook.  
Below is the old North Sanpete High School, now torn down.  

Mt. Pleasant Brass Band

Brass Band Organized

The following was recorded by Mrs. Louise Hastler: "In the autumn of 1869 the governor sent out a notice to the citizens of Sanpete County that a military drill would be held the first week in November, did requested all soldiers and men that could bear arms to be ready and on hand for a three-day drill. The gathering place would be between Ephraim and Manti. All captains and officers of the Indian War organizations should be represented and also the Military bands . . . . When this notice was served the brethren wanted to make a good showing and made necessary preparations. John Hastler had arrived in Mt. Pleasant in October and brought with him a full set of musical instruments from Switzerland. Bishop Seeley and the leading brethren engaged him to organize a Brass Band at once. This was affected about the 15th of October, 1869, with John Hastler, James Hansen, Bent Hansen, John Waldermar, Andrew Beckstrom, Daniel Beckstrom. James C. Meiling, August Wall, Aaron Oman, Peter Syndergaard. Andrew Syndergaard, Soren Hansen, Lars Nielsen (Fiddler), Mortin Rasmussen, Jacob Hafen, Ulrich Winkler, Oscar Barton, Charlie Hampshire, and Paul Coates. John Hastler and Olaf Rosen­lof were chosen as their leaders. John Hastler distributed the instruments at once. In three weeks, at the appointed time, they were able and ready to play six or more of our national and popular tunes, which made a good showing for Sanpete County. Their efforts were much praised and appreciated by the visiting staff."

  History of Mt. Pleasant Hilda Madsen Longsdorf  pp 131,132

MEMBERS OF THE BRASS BAND 1869
John Hasler, Director
Daniel Beckstrom................... August Wall
Charlie Hampshire................. Andrew Beckstrom
John Waldermar.....................Peter Syndergaard
James Meiling.........................Andrew Syndergaard
James Hansen.........................Lars Nielsen (Fiddler)
Bent Hansen............................Morten Rasmussen
Loren Hansen..........................Oscar Barton
Jacob Hafen.............................Paul Coates
Aaron Oman............................Ulrich Winkler

Henry Ericksen and Wife Ingeborg Gunderson Ericksen ~~~~Pioneer Travel, Captain Secrist Dies

Summary of the Pioneer travel company the Ericksen's traveled with:     

    

 

Hendrick Ericksen
    (1818-1864) 

 

Birth

4 October 1818

Osmund,Hain Senloy,,Norway

Ingeborg Gundersen

Birth

15 October 1819

Risor,A-Agdr,,Norway

Contributed By: LyndaScottAllred · 3 March 2014 ·  

Family Search

1855 Company Information JACOB F. SECRIST/NOAH T. GUYMON COMPANY DEPARTURE 13 June 1855 ARRIVAL 7 September 1855 NUMBER IN COMPANY 401 368 individuals and 58 wagons were in the company when it began its journey from the outfitting post at Mormon Grove, Kansas (Near Atchison). Jacob F. Secrist died on July 2 and Noah T. Guymon became captain of the company.   

For a 19th century traveler on the Great Plains to be buried in a tin coffin was unusual. Most deceased emigrants were simply wrapped in a blanket or some other cloth (if even that) before being interred. Jacob F. Secrist was an exception. Secrist, a Mormon missionary who was returning from Germany, was captain of a large wagon train consisting of English and Danish emigrants who come to America by different routes. The Danes, led by Elder Peter Olsen Hansen, left their homeland on November 24, 1854, aboard the steamer Cimbria. Because of stormy weather, they did not reach the Humber River in England until December 24. The following day they took rail cars to Liverpool. There, they boarded the James Nesmith and sailed for America, arriving in New Orleans on February 23. Two steamboats, the Moses Greenwood and the Oceana, carried these travelers to St. Louis, where they arrived March 7. Those who could not immediately afford passage to Salt Lake City took the steamboat Polar Star to Weston, where they sought employment. The remainder of the passengers boarded the Clara and journeyed to Leavenworth, a new settlement some 35 miles below Atchison, Kansas Territory. There, the wayfarers waited two months for draft animals to arrive (probably because Kansas and Nebraska Territories had just been opened for settlement, creating a population influx and a high demand for cattle). Meanwhile, Elder Erick G. M. Hogan (a returning missionary from Norway) had escorted another 28 Danish Saints to Leavenworth by a different route (via Hamburg, from St. Louis to Atchison aboard the steamboat Admiral) on March 31. About 20 of the Danes died at Leavenworth-most from scurvy (cause: prolonged vitamin C deficiency; symptoms: progressive bodily weakness, spongy and inflamed gums, loose teeth, swollen and tender joints, degraded capillaries, ruptured blood vessels, and hemorrhage). Fearing that cholera might break out among the emigrants, the citizens of Leavenworth demanded that they relocate their camp. To do so, Elder Hansen had to hire a local ox team at $1.00 per wagon. Shortly after this transfer, cholera did attack the Mormon camp, immediately killing four people. When the emigrants' cattle finally did arrive, new problems arose. The animals were unbroken and often mismatched, and the Danes had no idea how to manage them. Finally, by splitting the camp and moving one half at a time, the company was able to reach Atchison on May 22. The English division of Secrist's emigrant train came to America under the leadership of Elder William Glover. They sailed from Liverpool on March 31, 1855, aboard the Juventa. Among the passengers was Elder Noah T. Guymon (soon to succeed Secrist as company captain). The Juventa had a remarkably placid voyage and no one died. On May 5, the passengers landed at Philadelphia, then traveled to Pittsburgh by rail. There, some 200 of them took the steamboat Equinox down the Ohio River to St. Louis and up the Missouri River to Atchison, arriving there on May 28. It was here that a number of the English Saints contracted cholera and died. At Mormon Grove (the Mormon outfitting point near Atchison), the Englishmen camped east of the road, while the Danes occupied the west side. Combined, their company included 368 emigrants, 51 wagons (30 of these belonging to Danes). The party headed west on June 13 amid apprehensions caused by rumors of Indian attacks against earlier travelers. Secrist and company was 50 miles west of Mormon Grove on June 17. By June 24 it had become obvious to all concerned that some of the wagons were overloaded; others were not. Owners of the latter agreed to carry excess baggage at the rate of $11.00 per 100 pounds. Together with the Livingston-Kinkead merchant train, the Danes and the English camped 8 miles west of the Big Blue River on June 26. When a government wagon train passed too close to the Mormon party, it spooked the emigrant's horses, causing them to stampede.

 Captain Secrist and a few companions set out to recover the runaways but during their search the captain fell victim to cholera. Borrowing a buggy from the Blair/Stevenson emigrant company, Secrist's companions took him to their camp on Turkey Creek. The captain died July 2 at Ketchem's Creek between Forts Kearny and Leavenworth. Wishing to transport the captain's remains to Salt Lake City for interment, Secrist's friends obtained tin from a merchant and had Edward Stevenson, a tinsmith, fashion a coffin. But it soon became obvious that the casket was not airtight. Therefore, Captain Secrist's remains were laid to rest on the banks of the Little Blue River. 

Meanwhile, measles had attacked the emigrant children and an elder's council had appointed Noah T. Guymon as the new captain. On July 1, members of the party helped search for a missing member of the Blair/Stevenson train, but the man was never found. Cattle belonging to the English emigrants stampeded. Six wagons overturned; one ox and an elderly woman were hurt. Cheyenne Indians visited the camp and on the following day, the train camped for the last time on the Little Blue. Later, the company passed Fort Kearny and slowly followed the south bank of the Platte River while waiting for other trains to catch up. They felt that concentration of forces would make the travelers more formidable to hostile Indians. This precaution proved to be unnecessary. Although these travelers "saw scores of Indians, all were very civil, very much for shaking hands." On July 15, Guymon and company passed Edward Stevenson's Texan company and, on the 20th, the Danes and Englishmen forded the South Fork of the Platte. Reaching Ash Hollow on July 21, they stopped to gather currants and cherries. In time, they arrived at Fort Laramie. As the train traversed the Black Hills, feed for the animals grew scarce and the cattle grew weak. Apparently, earlier trains had similar difficulties, for the stench of dead cattle troubled the emigrants for several days. West of present-day Casper, Wyoming, the party found a new route around "the Poison Spring" (Mineral Spring). They camped at Devil's Gate. At the Green River, they found the ground covered with saleratus (either potassium bicarbonate or sodium bicarbonate, both used as leavening agents). The water in this river was so high that the cattle nearly drowned. In a "small valley in the mountains" members of the company "gathered a small quantity of tar that was sprung up." Because the animals had continued to fail, the company had difficulty getting over Big Mountain. Finally, they camped in Emigration Canyon on September 6 and entered Salt Lake City the next day.

Sources "From Our Kansas Correspondent," The Mormon, 28 July 1855, 3. Trail Excerpt Source Location Church History Library, Salt Lake City "From the Plains," New York Daily Times, 3 July 1855. Trail Excerpt Source Location Church History Library, Salt Lake City "Immigration List," Deseret News [Weekly], 12 Sep. 1855, 214-15. Trail Excerpt Source Location University of Utah, J. Willard Marriott Library, Salt Lake City, Utah Church History Library, Salt Lake City "Interesting from the Elders," St. Louis Luminary, 30 June 1855, 126. Trail Excerpt Source Location Church History Library, Salt Lake City "Interesting From the Plains," New York Daily Times, 31 July 1855. Trail Excerpt Source Location Church History Library, Salt Lake City "Our Immigration," Deseret News [Weekly], 8 Aug. 1855, 172. Trail Excerpt Source Location University of Utah, J. Willard Marriott Library, Salt Lake City, Utah Church History Library, Salt Lake City "The Other Side of the Question," The Mormon, 14 Apr. 1855, 2. Trail Excerpt Source Location Church History Library, Salt Lake City "The Point of Outfit for Our Spring Emigration," St. Louis Luminary, 31 Mar. 1855, 74. Trail Excerpt Source Location Church History Library, Salt Lake City "This Years Immigration," Deseret News [Weekly], 8 Aug. 1855, 173. Trail Excerpt Source Location University of Utah, J. Willard Marriott Library, Salt Lake City, Utah Church History Library, Salt Lake City "Visit of the Editor to the Camps at Atchison," The Mormon, 23 June 1855, 2. Trail Excerpt Source Location Church History Library, Salt Lake City "Western Improvements," The Mormon, 9 June 1855, 3. Trail Excerpt Source Location Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah Church History Library, Salt Lake City [Bassett, Charles H.], "Correspondence," St. Louis Luminary, 6 Oct. 1855, 182. Trail Excerpt Source Location Church History Library, Salt Lake City C. W. S., "Days of Ox Teams," Deseret Semi-weekly News, 14 June 1887, 2. Trail Excerpt Source Location Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah University of Utah, J. Willard Marriott Library, Salt Lake City, Utah Church History Library, Salt Lake City Deseret News [Weekly], 12 Sep. 1855, 216. Trail Excerpt Source Location University of Utah, J. Willard Marriott Library, Salt Lake City, Utah Church History Library, Salt Lake City Deseret News [Weekly], 22 Aug. 1855, 191. Trail Excerpt Source Location University of Utah, J. Willard Marriott Library, Salt Lake City, Utah Church History Library, Salt Lake City Deseret News [Weekly], 22 Aug. 1855, 192. Trail Excerpt Source Location University of Utah, J. Willard Marriott Library, Salt Lake City, Utah Church History Library, Salt Lake City Faulkner, James, Letter, 1856 Mar. 1, to Dear Friends, Salt Lake City [Utah]. Trail Excerpt Source Location Church History Library, Salt Lake City Hansen, Peter Olsen, Journal [ca. 1876], 121-24. Trail Excerpt Source Location Church History Library, Salt Lake City Hindley, John and John Parson, [Letter to Milo Andrus], St. Louis Luminary, 8 Sep. 1855, 166. Trail Excerpt Source Location Church History Library, Salt Lake City Johnson, Hans I. (Mrs.) [Inger K.], Autobiography [1909], 11-12. Trail Excerpt Source Location Church History Library, Salt Lake City Johnson, John, [Interview], in "Utah Pioneer Biographies," 44 vols., 16:39-40. Trail Excerpt Source Location Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah Neilson, Peter. Family record, 11. Trail Excerpt Source Location Church History Library, Salt Lake City Nielsen, K. N. (Mrs.), Sketch from the journal of Mrs. K. N. Nielsen, 23-26, in Caroline Nielsen, Group of Nielsen biographies and account of Taylor ancestors, BX 8670 .M82 vol. 10. Source Location Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah Olsen, Annie Cathrine Christensen, [Interview], in "Utah Pioneer Biographies," 44 vols., 22:18-20. Trail Excerpt Source Location Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah Smith, Charles, [Letter to Erastus Snow], St. Louis Luminary, 1 Sep. 1855, 162. Trail Excerpt Source Location Church History Library, Salt Lake City Smith, Charles, Reminiscences and diary, 1842 Mar.-1905 June, 31-42, 333. Trail Excerpt Source Location Church History Library, Salt Lake City Smith, George A., [Letter to editor], St. Louis Luminary, 10 Nov. 1855, 199. Trail Excerpt Source Location Church History Library, Salt Lake City Snow, Erastus, "Our Correspondence," Deseret News [Weekly], 5 Sep. 1855, 208. Trail Excerpt Source Location University of Utah, J. Willard Marriott Library, Salt Lake City, Utah Church History Library, Salt Lake City Summary

When Did Girls Stop Wearing Dresses TO School?

The following is taken from Wikipedia:
Since the adoption of trousers in Western Europe in Late Antiquity, trousers have been largely worn by men and not by women until the early 20th century.


In 1919, Luisa Capetillo challenged the mainstream society by becoming the first woman in Puerto Rico to wear trousers in public. Capetillo was sent to jail for what was then considered to be a "crime", but the judge later dropped the charges against her.

Women increasingly wore trousers as leisurewear in the 1920s and 30s. In the early 20th century female pilots and other working women often wore trousers. Actresses Marlene Dietrich and Katharine Hepburn were often photographed in trousers from the 1930s. During World War II, women working in industrial work in war service wore their husbands' (suitably altered) trousers, and in the post-war era trousers were still common casual wear for gardening, socialising, and other leisure pursuits.

Similarly, in Britain during the Second World War, because of the rationing of clothing, many women took to wearing their husbands' civilian clothes to work while their husbands were away in the armed forces. This was partly because they were seen as work garments, and partly to allow women to keep their clothing allowance for other uses. As the men's clothes wore out, replacements were needed, so that by the summer of 1944 it was reported that sales of women's trousers were five times more than in the previous year.[1]

In the 1960s, André Courrèges introduced jeans for women, leading to the era of designer jeans.

In 1969 Rep. Charlotte Reid (R-Ill.) became the first woman to wear trousers in the U.S. Congress.[2]

Pat Nixon was the first American First Lady to wear trousers in public.[3]

1967-68 ~ Still in Dresses.

For a period in the 1970s, trousers became quite fashionable for women. In the United States, this may be due to the passage of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, which declared that dresses could not be required of girls. Dress codes thus changed in public schools across the United States.


In 1989 California state senator Rebecca Morgan became the first woman to wear trousers in a U.S. state senate.[4]


 

 Hillary  is the first, and still the only, first lady to ever wear a pant-suit, or even pants for that matter, in the traditional first lady portrait. 

Women were not allowed to wear trousers on the U.S. Senate floor until 1993.[6][7] In 1993, Senators Barbara Mikulski and Carol Moseley Braun wore trousers onto the floor in defiance of the rule, and female support staff followed soon after, with the rule being amended later that year by Senate Sergeant-at-Arms Martha Pope to allow women to wear trousers on the floor so long as they also wore a jacket.[6][7]


Since 2004 the International Skating Union has allowed women to wear trousers instead of skirts in competition if they wish.[8]


In 2012 the Royal Canadian Mounted Police began to allow women to wear trousers and boots with all their formal uniforms.[9]


Until 2016 some female crew members on British Airways were required to wear British Airways’ standard "ambassador" uniform, which has not traditionally included trousers.[10]


Since the adoption of trousers in Western Europe in Late Antiquity, trousers have been largely worn by men and not by women until the early 20th century.

In 1919, Luisa Capetillo challenged the mainstream society by becoming the first woman in Puerto Rico to wear trousers in public. Capetillo was sent to jail for what was then considered to be a "crime", but the judge later dropped the charges against her.


Women increasingly wore trousers as leisurewear in the 1920s and 30s. In the early 20th century female pilots and other working women often wore trousers. Actresses Marlene Dietrich and Katharine Hepburn were often photographed in trousers from the 1930s. During World War II, women working in industrial work in war service wore their husbands' (suitably altered) trousers, and in the post-war era trousers were still common casual wear for gardening, socialising, and other leisure pursuits.


Similarly, in Britain during the Second World War, because of the rationing of clothing, many women took to wearing their husbands' civilian clothes to work while their husbands were away in the armed forces. This was partly because they were seen as work garments, and partly to allow women to keep their clothing allowance for other uses. As the men's clothes wore out, replacements were needed, so that by the summer of 1944 it was reported that sales of women's trousers were five times more than in the previous year.[1]


In the 1960s, André Courrèges introduced jeans for women, leading to the era of designer jeans.


In 1969 Rep. Charlotte Reid (R-Ill.) became the first woman to wear trousers in the U.S. Congress.[2]


Pat Nixon was the first American First Lady to wear trousers in public.[3]


For a period in the 1970s, trousers became quite fashionable for women. In the United States, this may be due to the passage of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, which declared that dresses could not be required of girls. Dress codes thus changed in public schools across the United States.


In 1989 California state senator Rebecca Morgan became the first woman to wear trousers in a U.S. state senate.[4]


Hillary Clinton was the first woman to wear trousers in an official U.S. First Lady portrait.[5]


Women were not allowed to wear trousers on the U.S. Senate floor until 1993.[6][7] In 1993, Senators Barbara Mikulski and Carol Moseley Braun wore trousers onto the floor in defiance of the rule, and female support staff followed soon after, with the rule being amended later that year by Senate Sergeant-at-Arms Martha Pope to allow women to wear trousers on the floor so long as they also wore a jacket.[6][7]


Since 2004 the International Skating Union has allowed women to wear trousers instead of skirts in competition if they wish.[8]


In 2012 the Royal Canadian Mounted Police began to allow women to wear trousers and boots with all their formal uniforms.[9]


Until 2016 some female crew members on British Airways were required to wear British Airways’ standard "ambassador" uniform, which has not traditionally included trousers.[10]
lthough the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was written in order to end discrimination in various fields based on sex, religion, race, color, or national origin, in the area of employment,[1] the 1964 Act did not include any prohibition on gender discrimination in public education and federally assisted programs[2] but it did energize the women's rights movement, which had somewhat slowed after women's suffrage in 1920.[3]While Title IX is best known for its impact on high school and collegiate athletics, the original statute made no explicit mention of sports.[4]


In 1967, President Lyndon Johnson sent a series of executive orders in order to make some clarifications. Before these clarifications were made, the National Organization for Women (NOW) persuaded President Johnson to include women in his executive orders.[3] Most notable is Executive Order 11375, which required all entities receiving federal contracts to end discrimination on the basis of sex in hiring and employment.

North Sanpete 1964

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 declared that dresses could not be required of girls. Dress codes thus changed in public schools across the United States.


Women were not allowed to wear trousers on the U.S. Senate floor until 1993. In 1993, Senators Barbara Mikulski and Carol Moseley Braun wore trousers onto the floor in defiance of the rule, and female support staff followed soon after, with the rule being amended later that year by Senate Sergeant-at-Arms Martha Pope to allow women to wear pants on the floor so long as they also wore a jacket.[6][7]


In California, Government Code Section 12947.5 (part of the California Fair Employment and Housing Act) expressly protects the right to wear pants (American English for trousers).[25] Thus, the standard FEHA discrimination complaint form includes an option for "denied the right to wear pants." [26]

North Sanpete1984